How Pigeons Navigate

Scientists have studied how pigeons find their way home from places they've never seen before. Many believe pigeons use a "map and compass" system. The "compass" helps them know which direction to fly. The "map" helps them figure out where they are compared to their home.

The compass part seems to use the sun. But how the "map" works has been a big mystery. Some researchers think pigeons can sense the Earth's magnetic field.

One idea was that pigeons had iron particles in their beaks that acted like a compass. However, a study in 2012 showed this wasn't true. So, scientists are still looking for how animals sense magnetic fields.

Other research suggests pigeons use their sense of smell. They might use the smells in the air to find their way. This is called olfactory navigation.

Another idea is that homing pigeons use visual landmarks to navigate. They might follow familiar roads or other human-made features, just like people do. They can make turns and follow routes they know well.

Some scientists think homing pigeons use very low-frequency sounds, called infrasound, to navigate. These sounds are too low for humans to hear. Even very quiet infrasound can affect pigeon navigation. When pigeons first take off, they might fly in circles to "map" these long infrasound waves.

Experiments show that different types of homing pigeons might rely on different clues. For example, some pigeons might be confused by a magnetic problem, while others from a different home might not be affected. Also, changing the pigeons' sense of time or removing smells from their home can affect their ability to return.

Studies using GPS have also suggested that differences in gravity might play a role in their navigation.

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